Which condition is characterized by an impaired ability to learn to read?

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that affects reading abilities, and it is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. This condition is neurological in origin and involves a difference in how the brain processes written and spoken language. Individuals with dyslexia often struggle with phonological awareness, which is the ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in spoken words, making it challenging for them to learn to read effectively.

In contrast, the other conditions listed do not pertain to reading difficulties. Arteriosclerosis is a condition that involves hardening and narrowing of the arteries, which affects cardiovascular health. Pinkeye, or conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the outer membrane of the eyeball and inner eyelid, typically resulting in discomfort and redness in the eyes, but it does not impact reading abilities. Eczema, a chronic skin condition, also does not relate to reading and affects the skin rather than cognitive functions. Thus, dyslexia is uniquely linked to impaired reading ability, making it the correct answer.

Understanding dyslexia's impact is essential for recognizing how individuals can be supported in their learning, particularly in reading and literacy skills.