What does circumcision involve?

Circumcision involves the surgical removal of the end of the prepuce, or foreskin, of the penis. This procedure is typically performed for various medical, cultural, or religious reasons. The foreskin is a fold of skin that covers the glans of the penis, and its removal can help reduce the risk of certain infections and other medical conditions.

The other choices provided do not encompass the full definition of circumcision. Partial removal of the foreskin suggests an incomplete procedure rather than the complete surgical removal that is characteristic of circumcision. The application of topical anesthetics may be a part of the surgical process but does not define what circumcision itself entails. Immunization against STIs (sexually transmitted infections) is unrelated to circumcision and addresses preventive health measures rather than a surgical procedure. Thus, the answer that best describes what circumcision involves is the surgical removal of the end of the prepuce of the penis.