What characterizes biodegradable substances?

Biodegradable substances are characterized by their susceptibility to degradation by biological processes. This means that these materials can be broken down naturally by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, into simpler substances. This breakdown process results in the eventual transformation of these materials into natural elements like water, carbon dioxide, and biomass, which can be reabsorbed by the environment without causing harm.

The ability to degrade biologically is essential for materials that are intended to minimize environmental impact. Biodegradable substances help reduce waste accumulation and its associated problems. They are often found in processes and products designed to be more sustainable, such as compostable packaging, organic waste, and certain types of medical waste.

By contrast, substances that are resistant to degradation by biological processes are typically synthetic, plastics, or other materials that can persist in the environment for extended periods, leading to pollution. Non-toxic substances may not necessarily be biodegradable, and materials that are permanent and durable are, by definition, not designed to break down easily in nature, further emphasizing the characteristics that define biodegradable materials.